GENRE
AND TEXT TYPE
Submitted as One of Assignments of Translation
I
Taught by Refika Andriani, M.Pd
BY
Group
2:
1. DARI (NIM: 14882030)
2. SUSANTI
ANAS (NIM: 1488203036)
3. REGINA
.S. (NIM: 14882030)
4. SUSI
LESTARI
(NIM: 14882030)
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF EDUCATION AND TEACHERS
TRAINING
UNIVERSITY OF LANCANG KUNING
MARET 2016
PREFACE
First of all, we would like to say
thanks to God because we can finish writing this paper submitted as one of
assignments of Translation
course. This paper is designed for the Students of Teachers Training and Education Department in
University of Lancang Kuning who study Translation course. This paper covers some theories
to understand the basic knowledge of Genre and Text Type.
In writing this paper, we are sure
that are some mistakes but we have to present as well as possible. We hope this
paper is useful to help students to understand more about Genre and Text Type.
Finally, we are looking forward your
critics and suggestion to make this paper will be perfect and useful for students
who are studying Translation
Pekanbaru, march 14th,
2016
The
Writer
Group 2
i
TABLE
OF CONTENT
Page
PREFACE
………………………………………………………………………………….. i
TABLE OF
CONTENTS ………………………………………………………………….. ii
CHAPTER I : Introduction ……………………………………………………… 1
CHAPTER II :
Content …………………………………………………………... 2-9
CHAPTER III :
Conclusion ………………………………………………………. 9
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………… 10
ii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Genre is a directional, patterned, continuous, and
purpose-oriented activity. Genre is a distinctive part of culture that has purpose
and steps, as well as language features which has relationship to the purpose,
steps, and the distinctive culture that the definitions should be interpretated
by refering to the social and cultural context in which the context exists. Genre refers to the type and
structure of language typically used for a particular purpose in a particular
context.
text type iswhich he claims is in line with Biber's external/internal
distinction, as delineated above. It is clear from the article, however, that what Paltridge means
by "internal criteria" differs considerably from what Biber meant.
1
CHAPTER II
CONTENT
A.
Genre
Genres reflect differences in
external format and situations of use, and are defined on the basis of
systematic non-linguistic criteria.
|
·
guidebook
·
nursery
rhyme
|
·
poem
·
business
letter
|
·
newpaper
article
·
radio
play
·
advertisement
|
Registers are divided into genres
refelcting the way social purposes are accomplished in and through them in
settings in which they are used. Bathia (1993:17) points out a science research
article is an instance of scientific language as is an extract from a chemistry
lab report.
|
Academic language shows in
·
casual
chats
·
lectures
·
conversations
·
class
·
email
·
memos
·
scholarly
papers
·
books
|
Legal register (language of law)
·
legislative
texts
·
contracts
·
deeds
·
wills
·
judge
declaring the law
·
judge/counsel
interchanges
·
counsel/witness
interchanges
·
textbooks
·
lawyers
communications
|
2
In the case of restricted registers
there is a close connection between register and genre, eg. weather forecasts.
Genre is a macrolevel concept, a communicative act within a discourseive
network:
repertoires of typified social
responses in recurrent situations -from greetings to thank yous to acceptance
speeches and full-blown, written expositions of scientific investigations -
genres are use to package speech and make it recognizable to the exigencies of
the situation (Berkenkotter & Huckin (1995)
|
Swales (1990) analyses the
development of the concept genre in the fields of
|
Aristotle: genres as classes of
texts
"a distinctive type or
category of literary composition" (Webster)
Today genre refers to a
distinctive category of discoruse of any type, spoken or written, with or
without literary aspirations
|
The stuty of texts as genres,
"how texts are perceived, categorized and used by members of a
community" (Swales 1990:42), has attracted little attention from
Linguistics (eg. Frow 1980), until the Systemic school put hands on it.
Rhetorical scholars have given genre
a more central place, recently focused on social constitution of nonliterary
forms of writing and speaking. Ethnographers concern about which labels are
used to type communications, in order to reveal elements of verbal
communication which are sociolinguistically salient (Saville-Troike 1982). In
the field of LSP there has been growing interest in the sociocultural functions
of disciplinary genres, eg. legal and scientific communication:
3
·
medical
English (Maher 1986)
·
legal
English (Bhatia 1987)
|
Genres are not simply assembies of
similar textual objects, but coded and keyed events set within social
communicative process (Todorov 1976, Fowler 1982, Swales 1990).
|
"A rhetorically sound
definition of genre must be centred not on the substance or form of the
discourse but on the action it is used to accomplish" (Miller1984:151)
|
|
Genres embrace each of the
linguistically ralized activity types which comprise so much of our culture
(Martin 1985:250)
|
Genre is a system for
accomplishing social purposes by verbal means. It "refers to the stages
purposeful social processes through which a culture is realized in a
language" (Martin and Rothery 1986:243)
|
a) Communicative purpose as the
defining criterion of genre
For some scholars genres are defined
on the basis
·
of
external criteria: newspaper articles in newspapers, etc. (Biber 1989:6)
·
of
communicative purpose or luinguistic content and form (Swales 1990, Bhatia
1993, Berkenkotter & Huckin 1995, Bhatia 1995)
Swales emphasizes the
socio-rhetorical context of genre, the categories are those of the community,
and communicative purpose is the defining criterion. Genre as a social action
operates as a mechanism to clarifying what communicative goals are.
4
·
instances
of genres vary in their prototypicality with the community's nomenclature for
genres.
·
discourse
community, genre and task are bound by communicative purpose
·
according
to Swales 1990:10, communicative purpose
o
drives
language activities of a discourse community
o
is
the prototypical criterion for genre identity
o
operates
as the primary determinant of tasks
b) A multi-dimensional approach to
genre
Unclear relation between genre and
register (Ventola 1984). Is genre a system underlying register? For Trosborg
(1997) it is not.
|
Register
In the narrow sense of
occupational field, genres such as
|
Genre
but, a particular genre may cut
across a number of registers
(Swales 1981)
|
|
One register may be realized
through various genres, in this sense genres are subordinated to registers.
|
Conversely, one genre may be
realized through a number of registers just as a genre constrains the ways in
which register variables of field, tenor and mode can be combined.
|
|
Registers impose constraints at
the linguistic level of vocabulary and syntax.
|
Genre constraints operate at the
level of discourse structure.
Genre specifies conditions for
beginning, structuring and ending a text.
Genres can only be realized as
completed texts (Couture 1986)
|
Trosborg (1997) sees genres as
having complementary registers. Communicative success of a text may require
appropriate combinations of genre and register (Couture 1986). In agreement
with the stand taken by Swales (1990), Bhatia (1993) takes genre analysis form
linguistic description to explanation: Why do members of a specialist community
write the way they do? Berkenkotter & Huckin (1995) develop a
sociocognitive theory of genre, which Trosborg (1997) applies as an explanatory
approach to hybrid political texts from the EU.
Genres cannot be identified by
communicative purpose, eg. poetic genres aimed at giving verbal pleasure defy
ascripton of communicative purpose. Medium of communication may also be
decisive: memos, emails, faxes.
Model: texts form part of
communicative situations. Hallidays (1971) functional approach with three-fold
division (used by Vermeer, Nord, Hatim & Mason 1990, and Baker 1992 for
translation, and by Bhatia 1993 for SPL).
·
field: ideational component covering
linguistic content
·
tenor: interpersonal component covering
communicative functions in relation to sender/receiver roles
·
mode: textual component involving
medium, channel and nature of participation
A genre can only be accounted
through a specification of field, tenor and mode and a description of the
linguistic features realized in the ideational, inerpersonal and textual
components of particular texts (Eggins 1994). Kussmaul 1997 shows how a change
of a single parameter may result in a change of genre.
6
B.
Text Type
Due to the
continuing evolvement of the translation industry there are now certain terms used
to define specialist translations that do not fall under a general category.
This brief guide offers an explanation of some of the more common translation
terms used.
·
Administrative translation.
The translation of administrative texts. Although
administrative has a very broad meaning, in terms of translation it refers to
common texts used within businesses and organisations that are used in day to
day management. It can also be stretched to cover texts with similar functions
in government. For more information on our administrative translation, see ourtranslation services page or contact one of our team to discuss.
·
Commercial translation.
Commercial translation or professional business translation covers
any sort of document used in the business world such as correspondence, company
accounts, tender documents, reports, etc. Commercial
translations require specialiast translators with knowledge of terminology used
in the business world.
·
Computer Translation.
Not to be
confused with cat, computer assisted translation, which refer to translation
carried out by software. Computer translation is the translation of anything to
do with computers such as software, manuals, help files, apps etc.
·
Economic Translation.
Similar to
commercial or business translation, economic translation is simply a more
specific term used for the translation of documents relating to the field of
economics. Such texts are usually a lot more academic in nature.
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·
Financial Translation
Financial
Translation is the translation of texts of a financial nature. Anything from
banking to asset management to stock and bond could be covered under our
financial translation service.
·
General Translation
A general
translation is the simplest of translation. A general text means that the
language used is not high level and to a certain extent could be in layman’s
terms. There is no specific or technical terminology used. Most translation
carried out fall under this category.
·
Legal Translation
Legal
translation are one of the trickiest translation known. At its simplest level
it means the translation of legal documents such as statutes, contracts and
treaties.
A legal
translation will always need specialist attention. This is becouse law is
culture dependent and requires a translator with an excellent understanding of
both the source and target cultures.
Most
translation agencies would only ever use professional legal to undertake such
work. This is becouse there is no real margin for error; the mitranslation of a
passage in a contract could, for example, have disastrous consequences.
When translating
a text within the field of law, the translator should keep the following in
mind. The legal system of the source text is structured in a way that suit that
culture and this is reflected in legal language; similarly, the target text is
to be read by someone who is familiar with another legal system and its
language.
8
·
Literary
Translation.
A literary translation is the translation of literature such as novels,
poems and plays.
The translation of literary works is considered by many one of the highest
forms of translation as it involves so much more than simply translating text.
A literary translator must be capable of also translating feelings, cultural
nuances, humour and other subtle elements of a piece of work.
Some go as far as to say that literary translation are not really
possible. In 1959 the russian-born linguist Roman Jakobson went as far as to
declare that “poetry by definition [was] untranslatable”. In 1974 the America
poet James Merrill wrote a poem, “lost in translation,” which in part explores
this subject.
·
Medical Translation
A medical translation will cover anything from the medical field from the
packaging of medicine to manuals for medical equipment to medical books.
Like legal translation, medical translation is specialisation where a
mistranslation can have grave consequences.
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